Journal article

Publication year: 2021

Journal: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Volume number: 118

Issue number: 6

ISSN: 0027-8424

eISSN: 1091-6490

Open access status: Hybrid

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022310118

Publisher: National Academy of Sciences

Abstract: 
RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) of the Nidovirales (Coronaviridae, Arteriviridae, and 12 other families) are linked to an amino-terminal (N-terminal) domain, called NiRAN, in a non-structural protein (nsp) that is released from polyprotein 1ab by the viral main protease (Mpro). Previously, self-GMPylation/UMPylation activities were reported for an arterivirus NiRAN-RdRp nsp and suggested to generate a transient state primed for transferring nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) to (currently unknown) viral and/or cellular biopolymers. Here, we show that the coronavirus (human coronavirus [HCoV]-229E and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) nsp12 (NiRAN-RdRp) has Mn2+-dependent NMPylation activity that catalyzes the transfer of a single NMP to the cognate nsp9 by forming a phosphoramidate bond with the primary amine at the nsp9 N terminus (N3825) following M-pro-mediated proteolytic release of nsp9 from N-terminally flanking nsps. Uridine triphosphate was the preferred nucleotide in this reaction, but also adenosine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, and cytidine triphosphate were suitable cosubstrates. Mutational studies using recombinant coronavirus nsp9 and nsp12 proteins and genetically engineered HCoV-229E mutants identified residues essential for NiRAN-mediated nsp9 NMPylation and virus replication in cell culture. The data corroborate predictions on NiRAN active-site residues and establish an essential role for the nsp9 N3826 residue in both nsp9 NMPylation in vitro and virus replication. This residue is part of a conserved N-terminal NNE tripeptide sequence and shown to be the only invariant residue in nsp9 and its homologs in viruses of the family Coronaviridae. The study provides a solid basis for functional studies of other nidovirus NMPylation activities and suggests a possible target for antiviral drug development.

Harvard Citation style: Slanina, H., Madhugiri, R., Bylapudi, G., Schultheiss, K., Karl, N., Gulyaeva, A., et al. (2021) Coronavirus replication-transcription complex: Vital and selective NMPylation of a conserved site in nsp9 by the NiRAN-RdRp subunit, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(6), Article e2022310118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022310118

APA Citation style: Slanina, H., Madhugiri, R., Bylapudi, G., Schultheiss, K., Karl, N., Gulyaeva, A., Gorbalenya, A., Linne, U., & Ziebuhr, J. (2021). Coronavirus replication-transcription complex: Vital and selective NMPylation of a conserved site in nsp9 by the NiRAN-RdRp subunit. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118(6), Article e2022310118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022310118