Journal article
Authors list: Pleuger, Christiane; Silva, Erick Jose Ramo; Pilatz, Adrian; Bhushan, Sudhanshu; Meinhardt, Andreas
Publication year: 2020
Journal: Frontiers in Immunology
Volume number: 11
ISSN: 1664-3224
Open access status: Gold
DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.599594
Publisher: Frontiers Media
Abstract:
The epididymis is a tubular structure connecting the vas deferens to the testis. This organ consists of three main regions-caput, corpus, and cauda-that face opposing immunological tasks. A means of combating invading pathogens is required in the distally located cauda, where there is a risk of ascending bacterial infections originating from the urethra. Meanwhile, immune tolerance is necessary at the caput, where spermatozoa with immunogenic neo-antigens originate from the testis. Consistently, when challenged with live bacteria or inflammatory stimuli, the cauda elicits a much stronger immune response and inflammatory-inflicted damage than the caput. At the cellular level, a role for diverse and strategically positioned mononuclear phagocytes is emerging. At the mechanistic level, differential expression of immunoprotective and immunomodulatory mediators has been detected between the three main regions of the epididymis. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about region-specific immunological characteristics and unveil possible underlying mechanisms on cellular and molecular levels. Improved understanding of the different immunological microenvironments is the basis for an improved therapy and counseling of patients with epididymal infections.
Citation Styles
Harvard Citation style: Pleuger, C., Silva, E., Pilatz, A., Bhushan, S. and Meinhardt, A. (2020) Differential Immune Response to Infection and Acute Inflammation Along the Epididymis, Frontiers in Immunology, 11, Article 599594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.599594
APA Citation style: Pleuger, C., Silva, E., Pilatz, A., Bhushan, S., & Meinhardt, A. (2020). Differential Immune Response to Infection and Acute Inflammation Along the Epididymis. Frontiers in Immunology. 11, Article 599594. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.599594
Keywords
Bacterial infection; BETA-DEFENSINS; COLI; epididymis; epididymitis; INFERTILITY; INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES; ORAL TOLERANCE; REGULATORY T-CELLS; SEGMENTAL GENE-EXPRESSION; uropathogenic E
