Journal article

Publication year: 1989

Pages: 165-187

Journal: Plant Systematics and Evolution

Volume number: 167

Issue number: 3-4

ISSN: 0378-2697

eISSN: 1615-6110

DOI Link: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936404

Publisher: Springer

Abstract: 
Dynastid scarab beetles are the main or exclusive pollinators of Annona spp. with large flowers and wide floral chambers. These nocturnal beetles are attracted by the characteristic odours which are caused by measurable temperature elevation of the flowers up to 10.degree. C or even 15.degree. C above the ambient air temperature. The Annona spp. investigated showed different floral rhythms varying from one to three days. The elaborate and well-coordinated flowering processes, along with floral heating and olfactorial attraction of the night-active Cyclocephala spp., result in a very precise and effective pollination. The floral chamber provides alimentation for the beetles in the form of nutritious food-tissues and pollen and offers a mating place and a well developed shelter against predation and environmental changes. A staggered flowering period and an alternative attaction of different beetle species seems to be more a device for diminishing competition between the cooccurring Annona spp. than a hybridization barrier.

Harvard Citation style: GOTTSBERGER, G. (1989) BEETLE POLLINATION AND FLOWERING RHYTHM OF ANNONA SPP (ANNONACEAE) IN BRAZIL, Plant Systematics and Evolution, 167(3-4), pp. 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936404

APA Citation style: GOTTSBERGER, G. (1989). BEETLE POLLINATION AND FLOWERING RHYTHM OF ANNONA SPP (ANNONACEAE) IN BRAZIL. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 167(3-4), 165-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00936404